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Objective: To evaluate the influence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prevention and control measures on the transmission and epidemic of influenza in Chongqing, so as to provide references for formulating targeted influenza prevention and control strategies. Methods: The influenza surveillance data, during the year 2018 to 2020, were collected through the "China Influenza Surveillance Information System", and the seasonal characteristics of influenza epidemic were analyzed. The percentage of influenza like cases (ILI%) and influenza virus positive rate between 2020 and 2018-2019 were compared, so as to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 prevention and control measures on influenza epidemic characteristics. Results: The annual proportions of ILI cases in Chongqing were respectively 3.53%, 2.23% and 1.2% from 2018 to 2020, while the positive rates of influenza virus were respectively 13.97%, 23.81% and 2.65%. The distribution trend of ILI% from 2018 to 2019 fluctuated were similar, but it continued to drop and remain at a low level since February 2020. The positive rate of influenza virus showed an epidemic peak from December to March in 2018-2019, also peaked from November 2019 to January 2020, but decreased to 0 in March. ILI% was positively correlated with the positive rate of influenza virus (r=0.404 8, P < 0.05). In 2020, compared with the same period of 2018-2019, the growth rate of ILI% was -66.09% and -46.32%, respectively. The positive rate of influenza virus in 2020 decreased by 81.03% and 88.87% compared with the same period of 2018-2019, respectively. The growth rates of influenza virus positive rate in January 2020 were decreased with a small rate of about 39.87%, and with a significantly decline of more than 93.65% from February. No influenza epidemic was found after March. Conclusions: Since COVID-19 prevention and control measures were implemented in January 2020 in Chongqing, the ILI% and the positive rate of influenza virus in sentinel hospitals decreased significantly. In the season of high incidence of respiratory infectious diseases, personal protection and other measures can effectively reduce influenza virus infection.
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COVID-19 vaccination is one of the most effective ways in the prevention and control of the pandemic worldwide. Achieving high levels of vaccine coverage is a key in minimizing the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on health systems, aged care systems, and communities. However, in many countries and regions, COVID-19 vaccine hesitation and rejection gradually become a huge hurdle for open-up the world again and for the recovery of the global economy. Vaccine hesitancy was already a growing concern worldwide even before COVID-19 pandemic, which significantly reduced the vaccine coverage and hindered the speed of vaccination. Therefore, it was listed as one of the top 10 threats to global health in 2019. The reasons for vaccine hesitancy and rejection remain complex and omnifarious. Targeted interventions tailored to vaccine hesitancy and refusal in specific populations may increase vaccine uptake. The communication-based interventions in health education and health promotion can effectively address the issues of vaccine hesitancy, such as raising vaccine knowledge and prevention awareness in specific populations, improving vaccine availability and accessibility, enforcing vaccination or implementing regulations to those unvaccinated, integrating the newest vaccine knowledge and evidence into routine health practices and procedures, addressing mistrust via dialogue and improving authority of healthcare providers and institutions.
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OBJECTIVE: To understand the status of generation and management of medical waste in medical institutions of Chongqing. METHODS: By means of onsite investigation and questionnaire survey, the generation categories and current status of management of medical waste in 50 medical institutions were investigated from Oct 2021 to Apr 2022 the existing limitations and prominent problems in the whole-process management of medical waste were identified so as to enable the safe disposal of medical waste based on laws and regulations. RESULTS: The average pollutants generation coefficient of medical waste was 0.22-0.72 kg/bed.day among all the grades of hospitals, the average pollutant generation coefficient of medical waste was 0.28-2.30 kg/10 people among grass-root medical institutions. The management of medical waste was more standardized in tertiary hospitals. There were a variety of problems in management of medical waste in clinics and village clinics, such as nonstandard classification of medical waste, unreasonable site selection for temporary storage of medical waste, unsatisfactory transportation means and untimely collection and transportation of medical waste. The problems of chemical, pharmaceutical and pathological medical waste were more prominent. The costs of disposal of medical waste were not strictly implemented in accordance with standards. The packaging, storage, loading, handover and disinfection of COVID-19 medical waste have been carried out in accordance with regulations. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to further standardize the management of medical waste, explore and formulate the collection and transportation modes of medical waste in primary medical institutions, intensify the supervision of classification, collection, storage, transportation and disposal of medical waste, optimize and upgrade the medical waste management information system, and encourage subsidies for the disposal of medical waste in Chongqing medical waste disposal enterprises during the COVID-19 period.
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OBJECTIVE: To explore the expression of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interferon-? (IFN-?), soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2 R) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients complicated with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). METHODS: From Mar 2016 to Mar 2019, the acute stage of COPD patients complicated with active stage of PTB who were treated in the department of respiratory and critical care medicine of the People's Hospital of Liangping District, Chongqing were assigned as the group, the acute stage of COPD patients complicated with recovery stage of PTB were assigned as the group B, the stable stage of COPD patients complicated with active stage of PTB were assigned as the group C, and the stable stage of COPD patients complicated with recovery stage of PTB were assigned as the group D. 25 patients with simple stable stage of COPD, 25 patients with simple recovery stage of PTB, 25 patients with simple acute stage of COPD, 25 patients with simple active stage of PTB and 25 people who received physical examination were chosen as the control group. The serum TNF-a, IFN-?, sIL-2 R and CRP were observed and compared among the groups, and the data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The levels of TNF-a, IFN-?, sIL-2 R and CRP of the case groups were significantly higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05). The levels of serum TNF-a, IFN-?, sIL-2 R and CRP of the simple stable stage of COPD group, the simple acute stage of COPD group, the simple recovery stage of PTB group, the simple active stage of PTB group, the group D, the group B, the group C and the group A were elevated successively (P < 0.05). The levels of serum TNF-a, IFN-?, sIL-2 R and CRP of the patients with improved illness condition were reduced after treatment. The AUCs of the TNF-a, IFN-?, sIL-2 R and CRP were respectively 0.706, 0.718, 0.768 and 0.807 in prediction of deterioration of disease. CONCLUSION: The PTB patients complicated with COPD show abnormal expression of serum TNF-a, IFN-?, sIL-2 R and CRP. The TNF-a, IFN-?, sIL-2 R and CRP are associated with the severity of disease and have high value in prediction of the deterioration of disease.
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Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of a COVID-19 case imported from Nepal in Chongqing of China, and provide evidence for the prevention and control of imported COVID-19.
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The outbreak of the novel coronavirus in China (2019-nCoV) has spread to all 31 provinces in China and more than 24 countries in the world. The cure criterion was based on the negative results with respiratory specimens in real-time reverse transcription polymerise chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays with an interval of 24 hrs. This report describes the controversial viral nucleic acid test in 27 cases after hospitalization for medical treatment for various periods. Of 27 cases, 6 cases showed positive results for fecal specimen, and 2 cases showed negative results with respiratory secretion but positive with fecal specimen. In summary, the consistence of results of nucleic acid test with different type of specimens from patients infected with 2019-nCoV varied, deeper research is needed to reveal the criteria of nucleic acid detection during different stages of the 2019-nCoV infection.
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Objective: To understand anxiety status among students with hearing loss under the epidemic of novel coronarirus pneumonia, and to provide evidence for promoting mental health of hearing impaired students.